After reading this fantastic post, Window Functions in Python and SQL, I decided to apply a similar function to a data set that interests me: the walking/hiking stats I keep up with for all of my (daily) walks. While this blog post will cover more of the SQL aspect, I plan to write one covering the Python and Pandas portion in the near future…
- Xubuntu Linux 18.04.2 LTS (Bionic Beaver)
- PostgreSQL 11.4
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I use this table and structure to store and track walking stats data. I have written several blog posts detailing different methods using PostgreSQL and pandas, for bulk loading CSV data in it. Be sure and visit those linked posts in the closing section below if you are interested.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | walking_stats=> \d stats; Table "public.stats" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default --------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+--------- day_walked | date | | | cal_burned | numeric(4,1) | | | miles_walked | numeric(4,2) | | | duration | time without time zone | | | mph | numeric(2,1) | | | shoe_id | integer | | | |
Using a Window Function, we can retrieve query results for a 3 day rolling average of calories burned:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | SELECT day_walked, cal_burned, AVG(cal_burned) OVER(ORDER BY day_walked ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS three_day_avg FROM stats WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM day_walked) = 1; day_walked | cal_burned | three_day_avg ------------+------------+---------------------- 2019-01-01 | 132.8 | 132.8000000000000000 2019-01-02 | 181.1 | 156.9500000000000000 2019-01-07 | 207.3 | 173.7333333333333333 2019-01-08 | 218.2 | 202.2000000000000000 2019-01-09 | 193.0 | 206.1666666666666667 2019-01-10 | 160.2 | 190.4666666666666667 2019-01-11 | 206.3 | 186.5000000000000000 2019-01-13 | 253.2 | 206.5666666666666667 2019-01-14 | 177.6 | 212.3666666666666667 2019-01-15 | 207.0 | 212.6000000000000000 2019-01-16 | 248.7 | 211.1000000000000000 2019-01-17 | 176.3 | 210.6666666666666667 2019-01-19 | 200.2 | 208.4000000000000000 2019-01-20 | 244.4 | 206.9666666666666667 2019-01-21 | 205.9 | 216.8333333333333333 2019-01-22 | 244.8 | 231.7000000000000000 2019-01-23 | 231.8 | 227.5000000000000000 2019-01-25 | 244.9 | 240.5000000000000000 2019-01-27 | 302.7 | 259.8000000000000000 2019-01-28 | 170.2 | 239.2666666666666667 2019-01-29 | 235.5 | 236.1333333333333333 2019-01-30 | 254.2 | 219.9666666666666667 2019-01-31 | 229.5 | 239.7333333333333333 (23 rows) |
To clean up all the extra digits in the ‘three_day_avg’ column, we can wrap the Window Function in the ROUND() function, keeping only 2 digits after the decimal:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | walking_stats=> SELECT day_walked, cal_burned, ROUND(AVG(cal_burned) OVER(ORDER BY day_walked ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW),2) AS three_day_avg FROM stats WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM day_walked) = 1; day_walked | cal_burned | three_day_avg ------------+------------+--------------- 2019-01-01 | 132.8 | 132.80 2019-01-02 | 181.1 | 156.95 2019-01-07 | 207.3 | 173.73 2019-01-08 | 218.2 | 202.20 2019-01-09 | 193.0 | 206.17 2019-01-10 | 160.2 | 190.47 2019-01-11 | 206.3 | 186.50 2019-01-13 | 253.2 | 206.57 2019-01-14 | 177.6 | 212.37 2019-01-15 | 207.0 | 212.60 2019-01-16 | 248.7 | 211.10 2019-01-17 | 176.3 | 210.67 2019-01-19 | 200.2 | 208.40 2019-01-20 | 244.4 | 206.97 2019-01-21 | 205.9 | 216.83 2019-01-22 | 244.8 | 231.70 2019-01-23 | 231.8 | 227.50 2019-01-25 | 244.9 | 240.50 2019-01-27 | 302.7 | 259.80 2019-01-28 | 170.2 | 239.27 2019-01-29 | 235.5 | 236.13 2019-01-30 | 254.2 | 219.97 2019-01-31 | 229.5 | 239.73 (23 rows) |
And there it is, a 3-day rolling average of calories burned for the month of ‘January’.
We can use SQL to easily check the math for a particular row. I’ll focus on row 3, dated ‘2019-01-07’. Since the WINDOWING portion of the OVER() clause, ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW essentially means: Include (Average) the ‘cal_burned’ values for the current row and those 2 rows above – or the PRECEDING 2 rows- the math would look like this:
1 2 3 4 5 | walking_stats=> SELECT ROUND((207.3 + 181.1 + 132.8) / 3,2) AS three_day_avg; three_day_avg --------------- 173.73 (1 row) |
I have written several blog posts about Window Functions within both the PostgreSQL and MySQL ecosystems, however, the 2 below are most similar to this post and provide more information concerning the windowing portion of the OVER() clause:
- Window Function windowing options – with examples in PostgreSQL
- ROWS and RANGE: Windowing clause defaults – learning by example in MySQL.
Other posts you may be interested in: Bulk CSV Uploads with Pandas and PostgreSQL
- Pandas concat() then to_sql() – CSV upload to PostgreSQL
- Pandas to SQL – importing CSV data files into PostgreSQL
- Basic CSV file import and exploration with Pandas – first steps.
- Postgres, Python, and Psycopg2 – executemany() method CSV upload example.
- Python and psycopg2 for CSV bulk upload in PostgreSQL – with examples…
- COPY and CAST() – Bulk uploads in PostgreSQL
Try out Window Functions yourself to calculate rolling averages, sums, and the like on data sets that interest you. Hit me up in the comments with some examples. I’d love to know of more interesting use cases. Thanks for reading!
Like what you have read? See anything incorrect? Please comment below and thanks for reading!!!
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Josh Otwell has a passion to study and grow as a SQL Developer and blogger. Other favorite activities find him with his nose buried in a good book, article, or the Linux command line. Among those, he shares a love of tabletop RPG games, reading fantasy novels, and spending time with his wife and two daughters.
Disclaimer: The examples presented in this post are hypothetical ideas of how to achieve similar types of results. They are not the utmost best solution(s). The majority, if not all, of the examples provided, is performed on a personal development/learning workstation-environment and should not be considered production quality or ready. Your particular goals and needs may vary. Use those practices that best benefit your needs and goals. Opinions are my own.